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95:T7632,[V0_FILE]html:file="index.html" type="html" isMerged="true" Graphene Crystal Lattice - Interactive 3D

Graphene Crystal Lattice

Hexagonal honeycomb structure

🖱️ Drag to rotate | 🔍 Scroll to zoom

[V0_FILE]typescriptreact:file="app/page.tsx" isMerged="true" "use client" import { GrapheneVisualization } from "@/components/graphene-visualization" export default function Page() { return (

) } [V0_FILE]css:file="app/globals.css" isEdit="true" isMerged="true" @import "tailwindcss"; @import "tw-animate-css"; @custom-variant dark (&:is(.dark *)); :root { --background: oklch(0 0 0); --foreground: oklch(1 0 0); --card: oklch(0.1 0 0); --card-foreground: oklch(0.95 0 0); --popover: oklch(0.1 0 0); --popover-foreground: oklch(0.95 0 0); --primary: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --primary-foreground: oklch(0.1 0 0); --secondary: oklch(0.75 0.25 330); --secondary-foreground: oklch(1 0 0); --muted: oklch(0.2 0 0); --muted-foreground: oklch(0.6 0 0); --accent: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --accent-foreground: oklch(0.1 0 0); --destructive: oklch(0.577 0.245 27.325); --destructive-foreground: oklch(0.985 0 0); --border: oklch(0.2 0 0); --input: oklch(0.2 0 0); --ring: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --chart-1: oklch(0.646 0.222 41.116); --chart-2: oklch(0.6 0.118 184.704); --chart-3: oklch(0.398 0.07 227.392); --chart-4: oklch(0.828 0.189 84.429); --chart-5: oklch(0.769 0.188 70.08); --radius: 0.625rem; --sidebar: oklch(0.985 0 0); --sidebar-foreground: oklch(0.145 0 0); --sidebar-primary: oklch(0.205 0 0); --sidebar-primary-foreground: oklch(0.985 0 0); --sidebar-accent: oklch(0.97 0 0); --sidebar-accent-foreground: oklch(0.205 0 0); --sidebar-border: oklch(0.922 0 0); --sidebar-ring: oklch(0.708 0 0); --cyan: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --magenta: oklch(0.75 0.25 330); } .dark { --background: oklch(0 0 0); --foreground: oklch(1 0 0); --card: oklch(0.1 0 0); --card-foreground: oklch(0.95 0 0); --popover: oklch(0.1 0 0); --popover-foreground: oklch(0.95 0 0); --primary: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --primary-foreground: oklch(0.1 0 0); --secondary: oklch(0.75 0.25 330); --secondary-foreground: oklch(1 0 0); --muted: oklch(0.2 0 0); --muted-foreground: oklch(0.6 0 0); --accent: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --accent-foreground: oklch(0.1 0 0); --destructive: oklch(0.577 0.245 27.325); --destructive-foreground: oklch(0.985 0 0); --border: oklch(0.2 0 0); --input: oklch(0.2 0 0); --ring: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --chart-1: oklch(0.488 0.243 264.376); --chart-2: oklch(0.696 0.17 162.48); --chart-3: oklch(0.769 0.188 70.08); --chart-4: oklch(0.627 0.265 303.9); --chart-5: oklch(0.645 0.246 16.439); --sidebar: oklch(0.205 0 0); --sidebar-foreground: oklch(0.985 0 0); --sidebar-primary: oklch(0.488 0.243 264.376); --sidebar-primary-foreground: oklch(0.985 0 0); --sidebar-accent: oklch(0.269 0 0); --sidebar-accent-foreground: oklch(0.985 0 0); --sidebar-border: oklch(0.269 0 0); --sidebar-ring: oklch(0.439 0 0); --cyan: oklch(0.8 0.2 195); --magenta: oklch(0.75 0.25 330); } @theme inline { --font-sans: "Geist", "Geist Fallback"; --font-mono: "Geist Mono", "Geist Mono Fallback"; --font-serif: "Georgia", "Times New Roman", serif; --color-background: var(--background); --color-foreground: var(--foreground); --color-card: var(--card); --color-card-foreground: var(--card-foreground); --color-popover: var(--popover); --color-popover-foreground: var(--popover-foreground); --color-primary: var(--primary); --color-primary-foreground: var(--primary-foreground); --color-secondary: var(--secondary); --color-secondary-foreground: var(--secondary-foreground); --color-muted: var(--muted); --color-muted-foreground: var(--muted-foreground); --color-accent: var(--accent); --color-accent-foreground: var(--accent-foreground); --color-destructive: var(--destructive); --color-destructive-foreground: var(--destructive-foreground); --color-border: var(--border); --color-input: var(--input); --color-ring: var(--ring); --color-chart-1: var(--chart-1); --color-chart-2: var(--chart-2); --color-chart-3: var(--chart-3); --color-chart-4: var(--chart-4); --color-chart-5: var(--chart-5); --radius-sm: calc(var(--radius) - 4px); --radius-md: calc(var(--radius) - 2px); --radius-lg: var(--radius); --radius-xl: calc(var(--radius) + 4px); --color-sidebar: var(--sidebar); --color-sidebar-foreground: var(--sidebar-foreground); --color-sidebar-primary: var(--sidebar-primary); --color-sidebar-primary-foreground: var(--sidebar-primary-foreground); --color-sidebar-accent: var(--sidebar-accent); --color-sidebar-accent-foreground: var(--sidebar-accent-foreground); --color-sidebar-border: var(--sidebar-border); --color-sidebar-ring: var(--sidebar-ring); --color-cyan-400: var(--cyan); --color-magenta-400: var(--magenta); --color-zinc-300: oklch(0.75 0 0); --color-zinc-400: oklch(0.6 0 0); --color-zinc-500: oklch(0.5 0 0); } @layer base { * { @apply border-border outline-ring/50; } body { @apply bg-background text-foreground; } } [V0_FILE]json:file="package.json" isEdit="true" isQuickEdit="true" isMerged="true" { "name": "my-v0-project", "version": "0.1.0", "private": true, "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "lint": "eslint ." }, "dependencies": { "@hookform/resolvers": "^3.10.0", "@radix-ui/react-accordion": "1.2.2", "@radix-ui/react-alert-dialog": "1.1.4", "@radix-ui/react-aspect-ratio": "1.1.1", "@radix-ui/react-avatar": "1.1.2", "@radix-ui/react-checkbox": "1.1.3", "@radix-ui/react-collapsible": "1.1.2", "@radix-ui/react-context-menu": "2.2.4", "@radix-ui/react-dialog": "1.1.4", "@radix-ui/react-dropdown-menu": "2.1.4", "@radix-ui/react-hover-card": "1.1.4", "@radix-ui/react-label": "2.1.1", "@radix-ui/react-menubar": "1.1.4", "@radix-ui/react-navigation-menu": "1.2.3", "@radix-ui/react-popover": "1.1.4", "@radix-ui/react-progress": "1.1.1", "@radix-ui/react-radio-group": "1.2.2", "@radix-ui/react-scroll-area": "1.2.2", "@radix-ui/react-select": "2.1.4", "@radix-ui/react-separator": "1.1.1", "@radix-ui/react-slider": "1.2.2", "@radix-ui/react-slot": "1.1.1", "@radix-ui/react-switch": "1.1.2", "@radix-ui/react-tabs": "1.1.2", "@radix-ui/react-toast": "1.2.4", "@radix-ui/react-toggle": "1.1.1", "@radix-ui/react-toggle-group": "1.1.1", "@radix-ui/react-tooltip": "1.1.6", "@vercel/analytics": "1.3.1", "autoprefixer": "^10.4.20", "class-variance-authority": "^0.7.1", "clsx": "^2.1.1", "cmdk": "1.0.4", "date-fns": "4.1.0", "embla-carousel-react": "8.5.1", "input-otp": "1.4.1", "lucide-react": "^0.454.0", "next": "16.0.3", "next-themes": "^0.4.6", "react": "19.2.0", "react-day-picker": "9.8.0", "react-dom": "19.2.0", "react-hook-form": "^7.60.0", "react-resizable-panels": "^2.1.7", "recharts": "2.15.4", "sonner": "^1.7.4", "tailwind-merge": "^3.3.1", "tailwindcss-animate": "^1.0.7", "vaul": "^1.1.2", "zod": "3.25.76", "three": "0.181.2", "@react-three/fiber": "9.4.2", "@react-three/drei": "10.7.7" }, "devDependencies": { "@tailwindcss/postcss": "^4.1.9", "@types/node": "^22", "@types/react": "^19", "@types/react-dom": "^19", "postcss": "^8.5", "tailwindcss": "^4.1.9", "tw-animate-css": "1.3.3", "typescript": "^5", "@types/three": "^0.181.0" } } [V0_FILE]typescriptreact:file="app/layout.tsx" isEdit="true" isQuickEdit="true" isMerged="true" import type React from "react" import type { Metadata } from "next" import { Geist, Geist_Mono } from "next/font/google" import "./globals.css" const _geist = Geist({ subsets: ["latin"] }) const _geistMono = Geist_Mono({ subsets: ["latin"] }) export const metadata: Metadata = { title: "Graphene Crystal Structure Visualization", description: "Interactive 3D model of graphene hexagonal lattice with phonon wave simulation", generator: "v0.app", icons: { icon: [ { url: "/icon-light-32x32.png", media: "(prefers-color-scheme: light)", }, { url: "/icon-dark-32x32.png", media: "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)", }, { url: "/icon.svg", type: "image/svg+xml", }, ], apple: "/apple-icon.png", }, } export default function RootLayout({ children, }: Readonly<{ children: React.ReactNode }>) { return ( {children} ) } [V0_FILE]typescriptreact:file="components/graphene-visualization.tsx" isEdit="true" isQuickEdit="true" "use client" import { Canvas, useFrame } from "@react-three/fiber" import { OrbitControls } from "@react-three/drei" import { useRef, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react" function generateGrapheneLattice(gridSize: number) { const atoms: { x: number; y: number; z: number }[] = [] const bonds: { from: number; to: number }[] = [] const a = 1.42 const dx = a * Math.sqrt(3) const dy = a * 1.5 const offsetX = (gridSize * dx) / 2 const offsetY = (gridSize * dy) / 2 for (let row = 0; row < gridSize; row++) { for (let col = 0; col < gridSize; col++) { const xOffset = (row % 2) * (dx / 2) const x = col * dx + xOffset - offsetX const y = row * dy - offsetY atoms.push({ x, y, z: 0 }) atoms.push({ x: x + dx / 2, y: y + a / 2, z: 0 }) } } const bondThreshold = a * 1.1 for (let i = 0; i < atoms.length; i++) { for (let j = i + 1; j < atoms.length; j++) { const dxi = atoms[i].x - atoms[j].x const dyi = atoms[i].y - atoms[j].y const dist = Math.sqrt(dxi * dxi + dyi * dyi) if (dist > 0.1 && dist <= bondThreshold) { bonds.push({ from: i, to: j }) } } } return { atoms, bonds } } function GrapheneScene({ gridSize }: { gridSize: number }) { const { atoms, bonds } = useMemo(() => generateGrapheneLattice(gridSize), [gridSize]) const atomsRef = useRef(null) const glowRef = useRef(null) const bondsRef = useRef(null) const threeRef = useRef(null) const [ready, setReady] = useState(false) const bondPositions = useMemo(() => { const positions = new Float32Array(bonds.length * 6) bonds.forEach((bond, i) => { const a1 = atoms[bond.from] const a2 = atoms[bond.to] positions[i * 6] = a1.x positions[i * 6 + 1] = a1.y positions[i * 6 + 2] = 0 positions[i * 6 + 3] = a2.x positions[i * 6 + 4] = a2.y positions[i * 6 + 5] = 0 }) return positions }, [atoms, bonds]) useEffect(() => { let cancelled = false async function init() { const THREE = await import("three") if (cancelled) return threeRef.current = THREE await new Promise((resolve) => requestAnimationFrame(resolve)) if (cancelled) return if (!atomsRef.current || !glowRef.current) { console.log("[v0] Refs not ready, retrying...") await new Promise((resolve) => requestAnimationFrame(resolve)) if (cancelled || !atomsRef.current || !glowRef.current) { console.log("[v0] Refs still not ready") return } } console.log("[v0] Initializing", atoms.length, "atoms") const tempObject = new THREE.Object3D() for (let i = 0; i < atoms.length; i++) { const atom = atoms[i] tempObject.position.set(atom.x, atom.y, 0) tempObject.scale.setScalar(1) tempObject.updateMatrix() atomsRef.current.setMatrixAt(i, tempObject.matrix) glowRef.current.setMatrixAt(i, tempObject.matrix) } atomsRef.current.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true glowRef.current.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true console.log("[v0] Initialization complete") setReady(true) } init() return () => { cancelled = true } }, [atoms]) useFrame(({ clock }) => { if (!ready || !threeRef.current || !atomsRef.current) return const THREE = threeRef.current const time = clock.getElapsedTime() const tempObject = new THREE.Object3D() for (let i = 0; i < atoms.length; i++) { const atom = atoms[i] const wave = Math.sin(atom.x * 0.15 + time * 2) * Math.cos(atom.y * 0.15 + time * 1.5) * 0.3 const scale = 1 + Math.abs(wave) * 0.15 tempObject.position.set(atom.x, atom.y, wave) tempObject.scale.setScalar(scale) tempObject.updateMatrix() atomsRef.current.setMatrixAt(i, tempObject.matrix) if (glowRef.current) { glowRef.current.setMatrixAt(i, tempObject.matrix) } } atomsRef.current.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true if (glowRef.current) { glowRef.current.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true } if (bondsRef.current?.geometry?.attributes?.position?.array) { const positions = bondsRef.current.geometry.attributes.position.array for (let i = 0; i < bonds.length; i++) { const bond = bonds[i] const a1 = atoms[bond.from] const a2 = atoms[bond.to] const wave1 = Math.sin(a1.x * 0.15 + time * 2) * Math.cos(a1.y * 0.15 + time * 1.5) * 0.3 const wave2 = Math.sin(a2.x * 0.15 + time * 2) * Math.cos(a2.y * 0.15 + time * 1.5) * 0.3 positions[i * 6 + 2] = wave1 positions[i * 6 + 5] = wave2 } bondsRef.current.geometry.attributes.position.needsUpdate = true } }) return ( ) } export function GrapheneVisualization() { const [gridSize, setGridSize] = useState(15) const atomCount = gridSize * gridSize * 2 return (

SCIENCE · 2004

Electric Field Effect in
Atomically Thin Carbon Films

K. S. Novoselov et al. · Manchester

Controls

Grid {gridSize}×{gridSize}

setGridSize(Number(e.target.value))} className="h-1.5 w-full cursor-pointer appearance-none rounded-lg bg-zinc-800 accent-cyan-400 md:h-2" />

Atoms {atomCount.toLocaleString()}

Legend

Carbon atom (C)

C-C bond (1.42 Å)

Phonon waves — lattice vibrations propagating through crystal

Structure

Honeycomb lattice with sp² hybridization. Each carbon bonds to 3 neighbors at 120°.

Electric Field

Applied field modulates carrier concentration, enabling transistor behavior.

Mobility

Electron mobility ~10,000 cm²/V·s — 10× higher than silicon.

DRAG · Rotate

SCROLL · Zoom

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Graphene Crystal Lattice

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

Electric Field Effect in
Atomically Thin Carbon Films

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